Drawing instrument



April 20, 11943. A. HEHR DRAWIG INSTRUMENT Ap -20, 1943. A. HEHR DRAWING INSTRUMENT s sheets-sheet 2 Filed April 5. 1941 A. HEHR DRAWING INSTRUMENT Apn'l 2o,` 1943.

3 ASheets-Sheetv 5 Filed April 5. 1941. l

Patented Apr. 20, 1943 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 12 Claims.

` This invention relates to a drafting or drawing instrument and relates more particularly to an instrument useful in producing perspective views from plan views and vice versa. A general object of this invention is to provide a practical, effective and conveniently operated instrument of the character referred to suitable for use by mechanical draftsmen, architectural draftsmen, topographers, artists and many others.

Another object of this invention is to provide a drawing instrument by means of which a true perspective view may be easily and quickly produced from a plan view, topographical map, or the like. The instrument of the present invention is readily operable without special training or manipulation to quickly draw or produce a true and faithful perspective of the subject plan view.

Another object of this invention is to provide a simple, easily operated instrument which may be employed when occasion arises to draw or produce a plan View from a subject perspective view. Another object of this invention is to provide a drawing machine or device of the character referred to that is readily adjusted to produce or draw the perspective or plan, as the case may be, in any selected scale with relation to the subject drawing or map, that is, the instrument may be quickly adjusted to draw the perspective or plan as the case may be, in a selected, enlarged or reduced scale with relation to the subject drawing subject drawing or map.

Another object of this invention is to provide a drawing device of the character mentioned that may be employed to draw perspective views from selected or required points of vision.

Another object of this invention is to provide a drawing device of the character mentioned embodying an adjustable and shiftable ease-l carrying a hinged matte for tracing paper or other material on which the drawing is to be made, the easel being shiftable and adjustable to provide 4for the production of drawings in different scales aninstrument of the character referred to that is readily portable and quickly installed and that or map or in the same scale as the original or is capable of considerable modification to adapt it for various uses.

`The various objects and features of my invention will be fully understood from the following detailed description of a typical preferred form drawing of a perspective view from a subject plan view. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the instrument shown in Fig. l, being a View taken substantially as indicated by line 2*-2 on Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is an enlarged central vertical detailed sectional view of the instrument with certain parts appearing in side elevation and with broken lines illustrating the operative position of the tracing point. Fig. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical detailed sectional view ofthe scribing arm with the pencil appearing in side elevation. Fig. 5 is an enlarged transverse detailed sectional view taken vas indicated by line 5-*5 on Fig. 3. Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary horizontal detailed sectional view taken as indicated by line'G-' onFig. 3. Fig. 7 is an enlarged'fragmentary vertical detailed sectional viewof the tracing head portion of the instrument. Fig. 8 is a reduced diagrammatic perspectiveview illustrating the manner in which the instrument is employed in forming one end of a perspective figure. Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 8 illustrating the manner in whichthe vertical components of the perspective ligure are formed. Fig. 10 is a view similar to Fig. 8 illustrating the manner in which the other end of the perspective view is drawn. Fig. 1l. is a fragmentary perspective View of the easel showing the matte raised. Fig. 12 is a fragmentary plan view of a portion of the apparatus illustrating the manner in which dimensions may be directly take-n from a drawing or map for the formation of the vertical components of the perspective and Fig. 13 is an enlarged transverse detailed sectional View illustrating the vpivotal connection between the tracing head and the tracing arm.

The drafting ordrawing device of the present invention has a wide range of use, being adapted to draw perspective views of mechanical parts from mechanical plan views, being adapted to draw architectural interiors from architectural plan views, being adapted to draw landscapes from scaled topographical maps, being adapted to draw perspective views of displaysstages, mo-

tion picture- Sets. @11cfrcm Plans. .ofthe gemeend being'capable of'drawing perspective views from plans and maps of other kinds. Furthermore, the instrument is operable to form or draw plan Views from subject perspective views and pictures of practically all kinds. The device or instrument is capable of extensive modication to adapt it for its diiferent applications. In the following detailed description I will describe one typical form of the invention as employed in drawing a perspective View from a subject plan view of a simple mechanical or geometric ligure, it being understood that the invention is not to be construed as limited or restricted to the specific form or application herein described.

The instrument of the present invention may be said to comprise, generally, an easel Iii, unie versal mounting means I I, an extensible and contractible pointer arm or scribing arm I2 carried by the universal mounting means II, a scriber or pencil I3 carried by the arm l2, an extensible and contractible tracing arm I4 carried by the universal mounting means II and a tracingr head I5 on the arm I4.

The easel I0 is employed to mount the paper or the like on which the perspective drawing is to be made. The easel I is not always an essential element of the invention, for example, where other easel means or paper supporting means is present or where a wall, or the like, may be employed to support the paper the easel may be eliminated. Where the easel is employed it preferably comprises a at backing board I6 of suitable material and a frame-like matte Il. The matte I'I is connected with the upper edge of the backing board I6 by hinges` I8 so that it may be swung between a lowered position where it rests against the face of the board I6 and a raised position where it is above the backing board I6, the latter position being shown in full lines in Fig. 11 and in broken lines in Fig. 8. Tracing paper I9, or the like, is suitably secured to the face of the matte I'I to lie llat against the forward surface of the board I6 when the matte is in its lowered active position. If desired, the easel may be proportioned and arranged to have its lower edge rest on the floor, a table, or other support as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.

Means is provided for adjustably and shiftably supporting the easel Iii. This means may comprise angle irons 20, or the equivalent, attached to the opposite end portions of the board IG and tubular clamps 2| connected with the angle irons 20 by bolts or wing nuts 22, see Fig. 2. Generally horizontal arms or rods 23 are received in the clamps 2I and extend from the easel to the drawing or tracing boardor table 24. The major portions of the rods 23 are straight and parallel and the outer portions of the rods are turned in to have parts lie adjacent opposite edges of the table 24. Brackets or clamps 25 at the opposite edges of the table 24 receive and hold the rods 23. The clamps 25 are such that they allow pivotal or swinging movement of the rods 23 and are such that they may be tightened to secure the rods against such movement in the selected or required position. When the clamps 2l at the easel I0 are loosened the easel may be shifted back and forth on the rods 23 toward and away from the table 24 to accommodate different adjustments of the scribing arm I2 for different scales of drawingas will later become apparent. The clamps 2| are such that the easel IIJ may be tipped or tilted to selected angles with respect to the vertical for the production of various perspective effects. When the easel I 0 is brought -to the desired position and angle the wing nuts 22 are tightened to secure the easel against movement. The matte I'I which carries the paper I S is freely received between the easel carrying rods 23 and may be swung between its raised and lowered position without interfering with the rods.

The universal mounting means II serves to mount or support the scribing arm I2 and the tracing arm I4 and constitutes the point of vision or camera lens element of the instrument. The mounting means II includes a clamp 25 or other suitable structure for attachment to the table 24. In the drawings I have shown a C-clamp 26 having upper and lower jaws for arrangement at the upper and lower sides of the table top. A clamp screw 21 is provided on the lower jaw of the clamp 26 for engaging the under side of the table top to secure the clamp to the table 24. The upper jaw of the clamp 26 may carry a drawing or tracing plate 28. The plate 23 is adapted to lie at against the top surface of the table 24 and its side edges may radiate from the vertical center of the mounting means II. Further, the plate 28 may have lines 29 radiating from said center to indicate the angle of View or camera angle" for motion picture work, and the like, where such angles are of importance. The plate 28 is preferably formed of transparent material and presents a at smooth upper surface. As best illustrated in Fig. 2 of the drawings, the plate 28 may be of substantial length and its side edges and outer end edge may substantially parallel the corresponding edges of the table 24.

The clamp 26 of the mounting means II has a boss or flange 30 projecting horizontally toward the easel I G and the flange 30 has a vertical open- Ing 3 I. A tubular post 32 shiftably passes through the opening 3l to project above and below the flange 3U. Longitudinally spaced calibrations 33 are provided on the post 32 and may be read with the upper surface of the flange 3D or other appropriate fixed part to determine or establish the height of the horizon above the tracing or drawing surfaces of the table 24 as will later become apparent. A set screw 34 is provided on the flange 3G to releasably secure the post 32 in the selected adjusted positions. A shaft or stem 35 turnably passes through the post 32 and projects from the upper and lower ends of the post, see Fig. 5. A nut 36 is threaded on the lower end of the stem 35 and a slotted block or yoke 31 is pinned or otherwise xed to the upper end of the stern. Washers or bearings 38 are arranged between the ends of the post 32 and? the opposing faces of the nut 33 and yoke 3l to insure freedom of turning of the stem 35 and yoke 31.

In practice it may be found desirable to provide means for lengthening or extending the post 32 so that the perspective views may be drawn as though taken from high points of observation. In the particular case illustrated there is a single extension E for the post 32, it being understood that more extensions may be provided if required. The lower portion of the post 32 is reduced in diameter and threaded to form a pin 30. The extension E is an elongate member of the same diameter as the post 32 and is provided at its upper end with a screw threaded socket 9| for receiving the pin 90. The socket 9| is suiciently deep to freely receive the nut 36. The lower end of the extension E may be provided with a pin S2 similar to the pin 90 to permit the attachment of a 4second. extension. The extension E is provided with a scale or calibration 33 in the same manner as the post 32.

vThe mounting means further includes a horizontal pivot shait 39 in the yoke 31. The shaft 33is rotatably supported in horizontal openings in the side arms of the yoke 31. A head 40 is formed on one end of the shaft 39 to engage against one side of the yoke 31 and a knob 4I is pinned or otherwise iixed to the other end of the shaft to engage with the other side of the yoke. The purpose of the knob 4I will be later described. The universal mounting means II just described is a vertically adjustable universal support providing for movement of the arms I2 and I4 about the vertical axis of the stem 35 and about the horizontal axis of the shaft 39 and the post 32 and the parts carried thereby are vertically adjustable in the clamp flange 30.

The scribing arm I2 serves to carry the scriber or pencil I3. The arm I2 is an elongate member or structure extending :forwardly from the yoke 31 toward the easel IB. In some simple forms of the invention the arm I2 may be rigid or at least non-expansible and non-contractible. In the form of the invention illustrated, however, the arm I2 is constructed for elongation and contraction for the purpose of varying the scale of the perspective drawing. In this case, the arm I2 is preferably a telescopic structure or assembly.

.As illustrated, the arm I2 comprises a multiplicity of nesting or telescopically engaged tubuilar sections 42, 43 and rI'he sections 42, 43 and 44 are graduated in cross sectional dimensions in the order named, the section 42 being the largest in transverse cross section and the section 44 being the smallest in cross section. The inner section 42 of the scribing arm I2 has its inner portion pivotally supported in the yoke 31. In practice the section 42 may have a socketed extension 45 vreceived in the yoke 31 andy the shaft 39 passes through openings in the side walls of the extension 45 to pivotally mount the scribing arm I2. The extension 45 may be polygonal or flat sided to engage in the yoke 31 as best shown in Fig. 5. Suitable means is provided for limiting outward movement of the sections 43 and 44. In the particular embodiment illustrated these means comprise enlargements or ridges 46 formed on the inner ends of the sections 43 and 44 and reduced slotted portions 41 on outer ends of the sections 42, 43 and 44. lIhis structure is best shown in Fig. 4. The ridges 46 are engageable with the restricted portions 41 to prevent disconnection of the sections 43 and 44. Sliding sleeves 41a are :arranged on the portions 41 and the portions 41 are tapered. The sleeves i1a may be shifted along the tapered slotted portions 41 to contact or allow expansion of the same for the purpose of adjusting the resistance to movement of the secitions.

The pencil i3 is provided on the outer end of Ithe scribing arm I2 to produce lines or marks on the paper I3. While I herein refer to the scribing element as the pencil i3, it is to be understood :that the instrument may employ any suitable or 'required form of marking device. The pencil I3 is arranged for longitudinal movement in the outer section 44 of the arm I2 to be moved between the active position where it cooperates with the paper IS and a retracted position clear of the paper. The pencil I3 extends inwardly through the end of the section 44 and is seated in, what I will term, a carrier 48 slidably engaged inthe section 44, see Fig. 4l. In practice the pencil I3 may be removably force iitted in the of the knob 4I.

carrier 4B for ready insertion and removal by the user. A compression spring 43 is arranged within the section 44 and engages between the carrier 4% and an inturned flange provided on the inner end of the section 44. The spring 49 serves to urge the pencil I3 outwardly so that its point or lead acts on the paper I9 and when the instru ment is in use the spring holds the pencil in active drawing engagement with the paper. Ihe outward movement of the carrier 48 may be stopped by the portion 41 of the section 44 when the portion 41 is adjusted to perform this action.` The sleeves 41a may be set or adjusted so that the reaction of the spring 49 does not produce unwanted movement of the sections 44 and 43.

Means is provided for manually controlling or retracting the pencil I3. This means may be varied considerably without departing from the invention. In the typical case illustrated the pencil control means comprises a exible element 5I in the form of a cord or cable attached to the carrier 43. The flexible element 5I extends from the carrier 48 through the tubular arm I2 to the interior of the socketed extension 45. A winch or spool 52 is formed on the horizontal pivot shaft 39 of the universal mounting means I I to be within the arm extension 45. The exible element 5I is fixed to the spool 52 or is wound on the spool to be reeled up by rotation The operator may rotate the .lnob 4i to retract the pencil I3 from the paper I9 and upon releasing the knob the spring 49 automatically returns the pencil I3 so that its point reengages the paper.

The tracing arm I4 is supported by the universal mounting means II through other elements to extend longitudinally over the tracing surface or table 24. In some embodiments of the invention the tracing arm I4 may be rigid With the scribing arm I2. In the form of construction illustrated, the tracing arm i4 is pivotally associated with the arm I2 so that it may be swung about a horizontal axis offset from the vertical axis of the means I I whereby the instrument may be employed to draw elements which appear below the horizon or floor of tne perspective view being produced on the paper I9. In accordance with the invention the tracing arm I4 is freely extensible and contractible and in the construction shown in the drawings, comprises a multiplicity of telescopically engaged sections 53, 54, and 5G. It is preferred to prevent relative turning of the telescopically engaged sections 53, 54, 55 and 56 by key means, noncircular engagement or flat surface engagement. In the particular construction illustrated, the sections 53, 54, 55 and 5E are polygonal or square in transverse cross section 4so that their mutual engagement holds them against relative turning. lThe sections of the arm I4 are graduated in cross sectional dimensions, the section 53 being the largest and the section being the smallest. Means is provided for limiting the longitudinal movement of the sections 54, 55 and 56 to prevent disengagement of the parts. This means may comprise heads 51 on the inner ends of the sections engageable with nuts or bushings 58 secured in the outer ends of the surrounding sections, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The heads 51 and the bushings 55B` may serve as bearing elen mentsto assist in guiding and supporting the telescopically engaged sections one in the other. The smalloutermostvsection 55 may be solid or aon-tubular. n is preferred to make the sections;

53, 54, 55 and 55 of substantial length to give the instrument a large range of operation.

The means for associating the tracing arm I4 With the scribing arm I2 may comprise a tongue 59 on the closed end of the section 53 engaging in a yoke 6U on the outer portion of the scribing arm section 42. A pivot pin I on the yoke 6I] passes through a horizontal opening in the tongue 59 to pivotally attach the arm I4 to the arm I2. The yoke 5!) is spaced a substantial distance from the means 5I and with the arm I4 in its normal operating position the major portion of the tracing arm section 53 overlies and extends parallel with the section 4Z as illustrated throughout the drawings. Releasable holding or securing means is provided for normally holding the tracing arm I4 against pivotal movement with respect to the arm I2. This means may comprise an upstanding part B2 on the extension 45 provided with an elongate slot 63 which is curved in concentric relation to the axis of the pin 6I. A stud or screw on the section 53 passes through the slot 63 and a nut or knob 64 is threaded on the screw to clamp against the part 62 for the purpose of securing or locking the tracing arm i4 in the selected angular position with relation to the arm l2.

The tracing head I5 is arranged at the outer' end of the tracing arm I4 and cooperates with a tracing element for following or tracing the lines of the plan or map on the plate 28 or table 24. The head l5 is an elongate tubular member which is normally upright or substantially vertical. A lateral lug 65 is provided on the lower part of the head I5 and is pivotally connected with a block 65. A horizontal pin or screw 6'! pivotally connects the lug 65 with the block` 66. It is preferred to associate a spring Washer 93 or similar friction means with the pin 61 to present play at the pivotal connection. The block 66 is turnably connected with the outer end of the tracing arm I4. In the particular construction illustrated, a screw G9 is threaded in an axial opening in the end of the section 55 and is turnably received in a longitudinal opening 'l0 in the block 65. The head of the screw 69 has shouldered engagement in the opening il! to prevent displacement of the block 55. Means is provided for releasably holding the block 55 against turning relative to the section 55. a grcoved, splined or polygonal stem il of the same cross section as the outer portion of the arm section 55. A correspondingly shaped sleeve 'I2 slidably or shiftably engages around the outer portion of the section 55 and is adapted to engage about the stern TI. When the sleeve I2 is in the position best shown in Figs. 3 and 7 of the drawings, it serves to prevent turning of 'the block 66 and the head I5 relative to the arm I4. When the sleeve 'I2 is slid back on the section 5S the head I5 may be swung down to a position against or parallel with the plate 28 or the drawing thereon. The above described pivotal connection 65--57-58 between the head I5 and the block G5 allows the head I5 and the parts thereon to be swung down against the arm i4 to make the instrument more compact for handling, storing, etc.

A tracing stem I4 slidably passes through the tubular head I5. The lower end of the stern 14 is provided with a tracing point 75 adapted to be run along the lines of the plan view or map. Assuming that the point 'I5 is engaged with a drawing or map on the table 24 or the plate 28 the head I5 may be moved vertically on the stem The block 55 has 'if' 'I4 to produce swinging movement of the scriblng arm I 2 and the tracing arm I4 in vertical planes. Means is provided for releasably holding the head I5 against movement along the stem 14. A set screw is threaded through a transverse opening in the head I5 and has a head or knob 'I6 which may be turned to clamp the screw against the stem 'I4 for the purpose of setting 0r securing the head I5. The stern I4 is provided with a vertical scale or series of calibrations 'I'I for indicating the vertical setting of the head I5 on the stem. The calibrations 'I'I may be read with the upper end of the head I5 or a suitable mark on the head. A slidable stop is provided on the stem 14 and has a set screw 8I for securing it in selected positions. The stem 'I4 and the stem receiving opening of the head I5 are preferably polygonal.

The tracing head I5 and the tracing stem I4 are equipped with means for calibering or measuring the vertical elements of the plan view being traced to set the head I5 for operation in diierent horizontal planes and to assist in setting the stop 80 for the formation of the vertical lines of the perspective view. A measuring finger 'I8 is xed to the lower end of the head I5 to project horizontally therefrom. A similar measuring nger 'I9 is provided on the stem 'I4 at the point 15. The fingers I8 and 'I9 are in engagement when the head I5 is in its normal position on the stem 14. When the sleeve I2 is retracted the head I5 and the stem 'I4 are turned down against the table 24 or the plan View thereon and the vertical lines of the plan may be measured by means of the fingers 'I8 and 'I9 as i1- lustrated in Fig. 12. The knob 'IB may be employed to set or secure the head I5 in the measured or adjusted position whereupon the head may be swung to the vertical position and secured in place by the sleeve 12.

It may be preferred to provide counterbalancing means for the scribing arm and tracing arm assembly I2-I3 to facilitate the smooth easy manipulation of the instrument and to assist ln holding the tracing point 'I5 against the drawing surface. The counterbalancing means may take different forms, for example, it may be aS- sociated with the universal mounting means I I to exert a turning or pivoting force on the yoke block or extension 45. In the typical form of the invention illustrated the counterbalancing means comprises a rod pivotally secured to the yoke 3'I and extending forwardly under the arm I2. A lug 9E depends from the under side of the arm section 42 and the rod 95 shiftably passes through an opening in the lug. A spring 91 surroundsthe rod 95 and is under compression between the lug 96 and a transverse pin 98 on the rod 95. The spring 91 exerts a forward or outward force on the lug 96 which tends to swing the arm I2 upwardly and the arm I4 downwardly. The spring 91 is such that it counterbalances the assembly l2I4 to the desired degree.

In the use or operation of the instrument the tracing paper IH is suitably secured to the matte II and the easel I0 is adjusted or shifted to occupy a position the required distance from the vertical axis of the mounting means II and the arm I2 is lengthened or shortened so that its pencil I3 cont-acts the tracing paper I9. The length of the arm I2 is one of the factors which determines the scale in which the perspective drawing is to be produced. When the arm I2 is shortened the scale of the perspective is reduced and when the arm is lengthened the scale is inaraota creased." In actual practice the arm I2 may be adjusted to the required length and the easel IIJ fmay be brought to a position where the paper I5 isc'orrectly engaged by the pencil I3.

J'The plan P, see Figs. 8 to 12, inclusive, whether git be a Vmechanical drawing, an architectural drawing, topographical map, or the like, is placed Von the top of the table 24 or is placed on the plate 2'8. The surface of the plan P thus located presents the datum plane from which the vverand that the distance of the plan P from the .axis of the'means II is an additional'factor which determines the scale of the perspective drawing to be made on the paper I9. When the plan P is'properly positioned it is suitably se- Vcured in place, The screw 34 may be backed off and the post 32 may be adjusted'vertically with respect to the clamp 25. This adjustment establishes the height of the horizon above the drawing' surface. When the above adjustments have been made the instrument is in condition for use.

In making a perspective view from the simple plan P illustrated in the drawings the tracing point is carefuly guided along the several vlines of the plan P with thehead I5 in the position illustrated in Figs. l and 8 and with the pencil I3 urged against the paper I9 by the spring 49. The circle 82 of the plan will -be reproduced in true perspective on the paper VI9 to be in the form of an ellipse 83. When the lines of the square 85 of the plan Pare followed the square will appear foreshortened in the perspective. Fig. 8 of the drawings illustrates the manner in which the instrument is employed to trace the circle 62 and the square 84 in the production of one end of the perspective iigure. If it. is desired to draw a .horizon line on the perspective figure'the head I5 is shiftedvalong the stem 'I4 until the reading on the `Scale 'il corresponds to the reading at the calibrations 33, whereupon the tracing 'l5 'may be run across the plan P on the drawing surM face, at any selected point to produce a horizon line on the perspective.

Following the drawing of one end ofthe perspective figure as described'above,v the vertical lines 'of the perspective are drawn in. yBefore drawing inthe vertical lines of the perspective it may be desired to measure the vertical lines of the mechanical plane. This may be done as described above by means of the measuring lingers 'I8 and it. Thus, as illustrated in Fig. 12 the sleeve l'is retracted and the head I5 'and the stem' 'It are swung downagainst the drawing surface whereupon the fingers 'ill and 19 are brought to the opposite ends of the subject vertical line. The stop til is then brought against the upper end of the head I5 and seecured in place 'and the head I5 and the stem 'I4 arefreturned to their upright position and are retained therein by the sleeve 12. The tracing point 'i5 is then placed at acorner of the square lili of the plan P andthe head I5 is slid upon `the stern lil until it engages the stop Si?. This results in the drawing of oneiof 'the corners 3S ofthe perspective View, see Fig. 9. Yihe same procedure is followed forthe formation of each corner of the perspective figure. In drawing the walls of the opening 82 in the perspective figure the tracing point 'I5 is arranged at points where lines radiating from the vertical axis of the means II and tangent to the circle 82 meet the circle and the head I 5 is shifted vertically on the stem 'I4 as in the drawing of the corner lines te. It is to be understood that it is not always necessary to employ the ngers 'I3 and 'I9 in the measurement of the vertical elements of the plan P and that it is not always necessary to employ the stop to limit the vertical motion of the head I5 when drawing the vertical lines 36 of the perspective.

In drawing the upper surface of the perspective gure the tracing head I5 is slid up on' the stem I4 and is secured in a position which correspendsl to the height of the object' being drawn. This settingr of the head I5 is facilitated by the scale II and by the stop Sil which may be adjusted to the required position as above described. The head I5 is locked in place by turning the knob 16. The tracing point 'I5 is then run along the several lines 82 and 84 of the plan P. This operation is illustrated in Fig. l() of the drawings and results in the drawing of an ellipse 88 and the foreshortened square 89 which constitute the top of the inverted perspective figure. During the several drawing operations above described, the pencil I3 is controlled so that it does not produce unwanted or unnecessary lines on the perspective drawing. For example, when the tracing point 'I5 is being shifted from the lines 84 of the plan P to the circle 82 the operator turns the knob 4! to retract the pencil I3 so that the pencil does not form an unwanted line upon the perspective. The pencil I3 is retracted in a similar manner when the head I5 is being adjusted and shifted to various positions for the formation of the different lines.

The above operations complete the drawing of the perspective view on the paper IQ. 'it is to be understood that while I have illustrated the vapparatus as employed in the drawing of a very simple figure that it is adapted for the drawing of practically any form of perspective from a subject mechanical plan, architectural plan, topographical map, or the like. When the perspective drawing has been completed the matte Il' is swung to the raised position as illustrated in Fig.

This brings the formerly invertedand reversed perspective drawing to its correct position for viewing. Where tracing paper is employed on the matte Il as above described,'the completed perspective is readily visible at the face of the raised easel.

If itis desired to produce a plan view from a subject perspective a suitable scribingelement, such as a pencil, is arranged on the lower end of the stem lf3 and the pencil I3 may be replaced by a tracing point. The tracing point thus arrange-d on the arm l2 is merely directed along the linesof the perspective drawing on the matte il 'andthe pencil on the ste'm`14 produces the resultant plan on a paper suitably arranged on the table 24 or the plate 28.

Having described only a typical preferred form and application of my invention, I do not wish to lbe limited or restricted to the specific details herein set forth, but wish to reserve to myself any variations or modiiications that may appear to those skilled in the art or fall Within the scope ci the following claims. I

Having described my invention, I claim:

1. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means, an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in the other direction from the mounting means comprising telescopically engaged sections of polygonal transverse cross section related foi' relative longitudinal movement without relative turning movement, the arms being connected for movement on the mounting means, a normally generally vertical tracing stem terminating at its lower end in a` tracing point, and a part on `the tracing arm shiftable on the tracing stem so that the scribing and tracing arms are pivoted about a vertical axis at the mounting means when the tracing point is moved along the lines of a subject drawing, the non-rotative engagement of said sections assuring pivoting of the arms as a unit during said movement oi the point.` i

2. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means, an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in 'the other direction from the mounting means, the tracing arm comprising telescopically engaged sections related for relative longitudinal movement, the configuration of said sections: preventing relative turning between the sections, the arms being connected for universal move ment on the mounting means, means supporting i the mounting means for vertical adjustment, a normally generally vertical tracing stem, and a head on the tracing arm shiftable on the stem whereby the arms may be moved in vertical planes and whereby the arms are pivoted about a vertical axis at the mounting means when the tracing stem is moved along a subject drawing, the non-relative turning engagement of said sections maintaining the tracing stem vertical during its said movement.

3. A drawing instrument comprising a scribing arm and an extensible and contractible tracing arm connected with their longitudinal axes substantially in a common plane, the tracing arm comprising telescopically engaged sections related for relative longitudinal movement, the configuration of said sections preventing relative turning between the sections, scribing means on the scribing arm, a tracing element carried by the tracing arm for relative vertical movement, the tracing element having a pointed lower end for following the lines of a subject drawing, means spaced between the scribing means and the element supporting the arms for movement about a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, and releasable means for securing the tracing arm against movement on the tracing element in selected positions, the non-relative turning engagement of said sections assuring bodily movement of the tracing arm and element as a unit when said end of the element is `moved along the subject drawing.

4.V A drawing instrument comprising a scriblng arm and an extensible and'contractible tracing arm connected with their longitudinal axes substantially in a common plane, a retractible scribing means on the scribing arm, means for retracting the scribing means, a tracing stem adapted to be moved over the lines being traced, a head supported on the tracing arm for pivotal movement about the longitudinal axis of the tracing arm and shiftable vertically on the stem, releasable means for holding the head against pivoted movement and means between the scribing means and the head supporting the arms for movement about a vertical axis and a horizontal axis.

5. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means, an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in the other direction from the mounting means, the arms being connected for universal movement on the mounting means, scribing means on the scribing arm, a generally vertical tracing stem having a pointed lower end adapted to be moved along the lines of a plan, a head on the cuter end of the tracing arm movable vertically on the stem to produce vertical pivoting of the arms, and means for preventing pivoting of the head about the longitudinal axis of the tracing arm,

`6. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means. an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in the other direction from the mounting means, the arms being connected for universal movement on the mounting means, scribing means on the scribing arm, a generally vertical tracing stem to be moved along the lines of a plan, a head shiitable vertically on the stem, means for connecting the head with the tracing arm for pivotal movement about the longitudinal axis of the arm, and releasable means for holding the head against pivotal movement relative to the tracing arm.

7. A drawing instrument comprising a fixed support, a vertically adjustable post on the support, a part carried by the post for turning about a vertical axis, an assembly part for pivotal movement about a horizontal axis and including a scribing arm and an extensible and contractible tracing arm, an upright tracing stein, ahead mounted on the tracing arm for pivoting about the longitudinal axis of the tracing arm shiftable vertically on the stem, and measuring lingers on the head and the lower portion ofthe stem.

8. A drawing instrument comprising a fixed support, a vertically adjustable post on the support, a part carried by the post for turning about a vertical axis, a'scribing arm carried by said part for pivotal movement about a horizontal axis, a tracingV arm secured to the scribing arm to pivot about a horizontal axis spaced from the rst'named horizontal axis, a tracing stem, and a head on the outer end of the tracing arm shiftable vertically on the stem.

9. A drawing instrument comprising a xed support, a vertically adjustable post on the support, a part carried by the post for turning about a vertical axis, a scribing arm carried by said part for pivotal movement about a horizontal axis, a tracing arm secured to the scribing arm to pivot about a horizontal axis spaced from the first named horizontal axis, releasable means for holding the tracing arm against pivoting on the last named axis, a tracing stem, and a head on the outer end tracing arm shiftable vertically on the stem.

l0. A drawing instrument comprising a scribing arm and an extensible and contractible tracing arm connected with their longitudinal axes substantially in a common plane, a retractible l spring held scriber on the outer end of the scribing arm, means for retracting the scriber includsupported on said.

stem to be moved along the lines of a subject drawing, and a head on the outer end of the tracing arm movable vertically on the stem to pivot the arms.

11. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means, an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in the other direction from the mounting means, the arms being connected for movement in unson, a normally generally Vertical tracing stem, a head secured to the outer end of the tracing arm for turning about the longitudinal axis of the arm and shiftable vertically on the stem to cause pivoting of the arms about a generally horizontal axis, and measuring ngers on the stem and head for measuring parts of a subject drawing when the head and stem are pivoted down against the drawing.

12. A drawing instrument comprising a universal mounting means, a, scribing arm extending in one direction from the mounting means, an extensible and contractible tracing arm extending in the other direction from the mounting means, the arms being connected for movement in unison, a normally generally vertical tracing stem, a head secured to the outer end of the tracing arm for turning about the longitudinal axis of the arm and shiitable vertically on the stem to cause pivoting of the arms about a generally horizontal axis, releasable means for holding the head against turning on said longitudinal axis, and measuring ngers on the stem and head for measuring parts of a subject drawing when the head and stem are pivoted down against the drawing.

ADDISON HEI-IR. 

